Poetry Is A Type Of Communication Essay - 1470 Words

Poetry can help us to be aware of the changes that are otherwise not noticed, changes in our world. Poetry is something that we create. Poetry is stemmed from the roots of one’s life stories and experiences. Poetry is an outlet of human expression, allowing us all to share the untold stories of the journey’s that we travel. Poetry has no rules, therefore it can have endless results and can allow the poet to be completely vulnerable while fully clothed. If you took the art from poetry, it would simply be a word puzzle; not even as complicated as a crossword (after all, some poems do not rhyme or even have much of a meter.) Art is a type of communication. Unlike prose and other simpler recording mechanisms, the point of art is usually to provoke an emotional response in the audience. This is because emotional experiences are so varied and often in response to a variety of non-emotional physical datum, art itself is equally varied. Some are accessible, some obscure, and m ost art are relative and subjective value, depending of course, on it is specific evocative capability. Encapsulates the truth in a vivid, eloquent often profound way that most people would never have thought of saying. It captures a moment keeps it alive for the reader forever. It, like all art, lifts us out of ourselves. It is divine, inspiring, meaningful. Unexpected, magical, inventive, poetry shows us the beauty and vulnerability in ourselves, our lives and the world. Without poetry, it would be aShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Language Impairments On Children1542 Words   |  7 Pages Language impairments has affected all types of people of all types of age. Language impairment has no specific target to effect. Many people who suffer from a traumatic event, aphasia disease, or simply a stutter; are all cases known for having communication disorders. Over six million people in the U.S. suffer from a language impairment; out of that six, one million suffer people suffer from aphas ia, and three million suffer from stuttering. Through various research, many analysts have discoveredRead MoreThe Goals Of Poetry Therapy1603 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å" People who read poetry have heard about the burning bush ,but when you write poetry, you sit inside the burning bush ’’- Li-young lee . Which means that for the people who write poetry, it is their heart and soul and even their pain they use poetry as a way to let out their frustrations.which brings us to the the point of this paper which is that Poetry Therapy is Just as beneficial as other types of (emotional) therapy.Through its benefits, types and effects on people,and their connections ,emotionalRead MoreWriting Across And Against The Curriculum1159 Words   |  5 PagesYoung, Art. â€Å"Writing Across and Against the Curriculum.† College Composition and Communication. 54.3 (2003): 472-485. Art Young, in the article â€Å"Writing Across and Against the Curriculum,† proposes an innovative and effective approach to promoting language skills and critical thinking amongst college students. As an English professor, Young describes a project in which his campus used poetry across the curriculum to stimulate learning in a variety of subject areas, including EnglishRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Poetry?1745 Words   |  7 PagesIf you are reading this anthology, then there must be a part of you that is curious as to what is considered poetry and the reason that it has existed in our human culture for so long. Poetry is a form of communication that is adept at using creative techniques to tell a story, or express an emotion or idea. It provides insight and is a looking glass into people, culture, and experiences. It helps both the creator and the observer. For the writer, it provides a medium into which they can expressRead More Universality and the Particular1615 Words   |  7 Pages the story of our racial life† (Gilman 216). Eliot is a bit less succinct, but perhaps he could be most pithily summed up as saying: â€Å"The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all† (Eliot 1919, 23). It is not immediately evident what either author means by these statements, however, they both contain the core of the argument. Both authors have their individual aimsRead MorePoem Analysis : Hello Poetry Haters 1386 Words   |  6 PagesHello Poetry Haters, If you are reading this anthology, then there must be a part of you that is curious as to what is considered poetry and the reason that it has existed in our human culture for so long. From the beginning of our development as an intellectual species, there has always been ways of storytelling. It is something that is a common thread in all cultures and goes back to the days of early man. Pictures were the first way of telling a story and have been discovered in cave paintingsRead MoreUse Of Language Ruined Our Actual Language? By David Crystal936 Words   |  4 Pagescompare two types of poems that were sent through text message, the other using analogy to compare schooling, and texting, and the last his using analogy to compare abbreviations that are used today, were used in history. Crystal uses humor comparing traditional writing and modern writing. David Crystal compares two poems that, were sent into a T-Mobile poetry contest. The winner of the contest has a haiku format, where the runner up had an SMS format. Crystal compliments the winner’s poetry and explainsRead MorePoetry vs. Prose: A Killer Topic734 Words   |  3 Pagesargument between which is better, poetry or prose, and it ended with a knife. On January 20, 2014, a Russian man was stabbed to death in the Sverdlovsk region over an argument of which is better, poetry or prose. Poetry and prose have various common aspects, though it is their differences that make each unique in how they are loved. There seem to be three types of people in the world, those who love poetry and hate prose, those who love prose and despise poetry, and the mediators that love both.Read MoreUnderstanding Poetry By Robert Penn Warren And Cleanth Brooks1400 Words   |  6 PagesAs defined by Robert Penn Warren and Cleanth Brooks in his book ‘Understanding Poetry’ published in 1978, â€Å"poetry is a kind of saying. It is a kind that many people, until they become well acquainted with it, feel is rather peculiar and even useless. They feel this way for two reasons: the â€Å"way of saying† and the â€Å"nature of the said.† As for the way of saying, the strongly marked rhythms, the frequent appearance of rhyme, and the figurative language may seem odd and distracting; and as for the â€Å"natureRead MoreEssay on Modernism Brought Much Change into the World1074 Words   |  5 Pages​Modernism or modernist poetry refers to the time period where poems were written by various people between the 1890s and 1970s. Modernism poets have a lot of knowledge and their works reflect it. The Era of modernism brought on modern language as it referred to thought, practice or someone’s character. This brought on a lot of change in the world. The thought behind the th inking of modernist poets were that of individualism. The modern movement came about as the result of the industrial revolution

Silence During Rush Hour Everything Stopped - 1632 Words

Silence during rush hour†¦ everything stopped. What was it? These were the last thoughts to go through my adolescent mind. These very few minutes of my whole eighteen years of living have always come back to mind whenever I revisit my memories about life and death and how I should cherish life for what I have. That day changed my views; my views on people and of people as individuals, having lives separate from my own very censored life until that point. This day started out like any other Saturday, a busy morning of the same old thing, staring at the same blotchy painted ceiling the moment my eyes peered open from the ringing in my ears, from my alarm clock and hearing background noise, of guns shooting from the newest R.P.G. game my†¦show more content†¦As a child I would additionally have great adventures of traveling like those actors on television seeing the more luxurious things in life from the cars they drove to the food they ate it was like another world in com parison seeing a new country and having new extravagant experiences such as riding on the backs of enormous elephants into the vast jungles of the Amazon Rainforest or becoming a race car driver in the South of France, bobbing and weaving between streets in my expensive Ferrari. These were just glimpses of a life not meant for me at the time of being a prepubescent child. Finally I rolled out of bed after I let my mind wander into the more fanciful things about a highly unlikely future. I suddenly plummeted on to the hard wood floor but thankfully a mountain of clothes cushioned my fall. This sure woke me right up. After a while I picked something out to wear. That day in particular I remember that I wanted to look less like a child and more â€Å"adulty† as I used to call it. For some reason deep in the back of my closet I surprisingly had something that was calling out for me to wear proudly. I started to smell my mother’s usual breakfast for Saturday morning but it smelled a little different this time, so whilst my stomach was rumbling and grumbling and my mouth started to salivate to the oh so delicious smells coming from the kitchen, I quickly finished getting dressed. I then ran downstairs in a hurry to

The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art Free Essays

In â€Å"Herakles writes home† we can see how Marian Maguire has used Greek mythological figures taken from ancient Greek vases and put them into the scenes of New Zealand’s colonization and conflict with Maori to show the effects of the British settlers had on the shaping of New Zealand’s fate be it negative or positive depending on the viewpoint of the viewers. The pot Maguire uses in â€Å"Herakles writes home† is a black figure Volute Krater similar in shape to the Black-figure Volute Krater made by an Anonymous Greek painter between 525  and 500  BC. The Pot shares many resemblances with the one used in Herakles writes home which lets me make the assumption that the shape of the pot in the lithograph is a Volute Krater. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of their middle body pieces are the in shape with large top which gets smaller the further towards the bottom it goes but Black figure Volute Krater has more of a slant to where it reaches the base piece whereas the pot in Maguire’s lithograph has a sharp change in angle where it reaches the bottom. The bottom piece in the two pots is again similar with some variation between the two. The pot in the Herakles writes home has a flatter band around the base of it which allows for it to have a decorative band in it unlike the Black figure Volute Krater. The band below the top band in the Volute Krater is practically the same in shape to the one used in the Pot in the Herakles writes home Lithograph the only difference is the Black figure Volute Krater lacks decoration there. The top band of the two pots is similar but there is a bigger difference between them than most of the other parts of the pot. In the Pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph the top band is joined at the sides to the handles whereas the Black Figure Volute Krater’s handles don’t meet at the sides of the top band they are joined to the top of the pot, The top band is similar in shape to each other though the Black Figure Volute Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Krater does have more of slant to it. Where the handles come out of the pot there is the biggest difference. In Herakles writes home the handles come out of the pot and keep their shape and decoration the same through the whole handle whereas the handles come out of the pot black and smaller than the ends of the handles in the Black Figure Volute Krater then change into orangey/red with patterns and thicker handles. Even with those differences t is clear that the figure of the original Black figure Volute Krater has influenced what the shape of the pot in Maguire’s lithograph and that it is clearly an Attic Volute Krater. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. The decorative feature on the pot in the Herakles writes is clearly influenced by other c lassical pots but Maguire has incorporated them into a unique way. The handles on the pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph are double ivy leaf but not the traditional ones you find on ancient Greek pot’s Maguire has put a twist on it by replacing the ivy leave shape with that of the Kowhai tree which is native to New Zealand (Something about what it shows about something) Another decoration in the pot that bears classical influence is the chevron pattern on the foot of the pot depicted in Maguire’s lithograph similar to the pattern around the top of the Persephone painter’s red-figure bell-Krater. 440 B. C. Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter 440 B. C. ; Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter What’s interesting about the pattern is that the leaves used are that they are olive tree leaves arranged I a way that it looks like an olive wreath. The reason Maguire has chosen to use an olive wreath in this particular artwork is that an olive wreath signifies being victorious and also peace as in the ancient Greek Olympic Games the winners of events were awarded Olive Wreaths from wild-olive leafs from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Maguire used this as a symbol because it creates a contrast between the settlers and England at that time, as Herakles was the son of Zeus it gives a family link between the figure of Herakles in place of a settler on the pot and the wreath is a symbol of Zeus who being the father of Herakles would be in the Place of Settler period England. The presence of the wreath also signifies the victory of the Maori population of new Zealand which if in the Ancient Olympic Games the two cultures, Maori and Settler, would have een awarded to the victor which in this case was the settlers, this can be backed up by the relaxed and post battle/victorious feel of the scene on the belly of the pot. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. The next feature on the pot on Maguire’s lithograph was stylised rays, but not as the same as the classical Greek stylised rays depict iced on the picture to the left but with a European/settler twist. Maguire has put in Settler Farming tools In the place of the classical Greek’s rays. This drastic change to what normally would have gone in there leaves us wondering why she would change this. The reason behind this would be that it shows how drastic the change the settlers bought in on New Zealand and replaced the old with their new stuff leaving little evidence of the old but its adapted style and structure. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Herakles was perhaps the most glorified and famous Greek hero who achieved immortality due to his feats and Maguire has used this image of Herakles to reinforce the ideas she is conveying. The idea of Herakles as his own man is perhaps the misconceived thing about him as his twelve labours were directed by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns and Mycenae on the command of Apollo after killing his wife and children in a fit of madness Hera induced in him, but it is important to point out that even though he was under the command of Eurytheus he did it of his own free will and by completing these twelve labours he became the greatest hero in all of Greek mythology. By skilfully using Herakles in the place of settlers Maguire has given us a better understanding of the message she is conveying. One of the main things about Herakles being the Greek mythological figure Maguire used is the fact that he was an instrument to complete the tasks of Eurystheus which the settlers were to England merely tools to complete tasks for their own benefit. In the case of Herakles he built up his own â€Å"Kleos† by completing these feats and intimidating Eurythesus causing Eurythesus to fear for his life â€Å"Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the earth† Apollodorus, the ancient writer who collected legends in his mythology handbook, the  library, this may not be a completely true tale as Myths handed down orally and weren’t physically recorded until late after their creation which makes bits of the Myth liable to changes because of a sort of Chinese whisper effect. This is similar to the situation with the settlers and England latter on http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 How to cite The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art, Essay examples

Spinal Cord Injury free essay sample

Spinal Cord Injury Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) most commonly occur as a result of falls, motor vehicle accidents, violence, sports injuries, or any other form of impact directed to the spinal cord. Over half of SCIs occur in the adolescent or young adult age group, although the elderly population is at increased risk for SCI because of normal degeneration of the delicate spinal cord (Nayduch, 2010). These injuries can be fatal, cause permanent damage, or have temporary or no effect to the individual at all. Spinal cord injuries occur when there is damage to the neurons of the spinal cord (Huether, 2008). They are usually classified by the type of injury and where it occurs along the spinal cord. Fractures of the bones along the spinal cord or dislocations or partial dislocations of the bony structures most commonly cause SCI. The patient can experience many types of SCI including: * Concussion- short term disruption of the normal anatomy of the spinal cord * Compression- pressure on the spinal cord * Contusion- bruising or local short term damage to the spinal cord * Laceration- a tear in the spinal cord tissue Transection- a complete severing of the spinal cord * Hemorrhage- bleeding into or around the spinal cord causing pressure and irritation on the cord itself or surrounding tissues * Damage to the blood vessels surrounding the spinal cord causing local damage where the bleeding occurs (Nayduch, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Spinal Cord Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of these types of injury to the spinal cord can cause swelling, bruising, nerve damage, localized bleeding, inflammation, and/or tissue necrosis. These injuries can also be classified as complete or incomplete. A complete SCI indicates no motor function below the site of injury while incomplete SCIs can have some remaining level of sensory and/or motor function below the level of injury. Most vertebral injuries occur along the most mobile areas of the spinal cord, including C1-C2, C4-C7, and T10-L2 (Huether, 2010). All of these injuries have the potential to be devastating. Spinal shock can occur, resulting in complete loss of function. This is a temporary occurrence and usually lasts up to 3 months after injury. It involves paralysis, loss of reflex, loss of bladder/bowel control and sexual dysfunction. It can also cause systemic changes, such as loss of temperature control, decrease in blood pressure, and poor venous circulation. When function returns, it is usually demonstrated by return of movement, reflexes, and bowel/bladder control (Heuther, 2008). As function returns, an uncompensated cardiovascular response can occur called autonomic hyperreflexia. This is a life threatening emergency and must be treated immediately. If left untreated, the result is death. Autonomic hyperreflexia displays as a dramatic rise in blood pressure, pounding headache, excessive diaphoresis (sweating), nausea and bradycardia. This is caused by â€Å"stimulation of the skin or pain receptors† such as delayed bowel or bladder emptying and can be treated by first fixing the cause of stimulation (Huether, p. 379). Quick but thorough evaluation, diagnostic testing and treatment determined by findings is essential to sustain life in most patients with SCI. Airway, breathing and circulation must first be assessed followed promptly by full spinal immobilization including a cervical collar and long backboard. Immobilization can help decrease the chance of secondary injury (Nayduch, 2010). Continuous monitoring of blood pressure and temperature regulation must also occur. Nurses can also conduct a thorough neurologic exam which must be reassessed often to monitor for a change or worsening in condition. Movement including flexion and extension of body parts, pupil exam, muscle tone and vital signs must all be assessed to determine the extent of injury. Diagnostic evaluation leading to diagnosis includes physical exam, CT scan, MRI, radiologic studies and myelogram (Heuther, 2008). Treatment is aimed at reducing initial injury and preventing secondary damage. The patient must be closely monitored for spinal shock and automonic hyperreflexia. Patient education is a necessary nursing intervention for patients with SCI. All spinal cord injuries require close monitoring and therefore should be in an intensive care setting. Early stabilization (either in the field or in the ED) is key in treating SCI, and must continue on through the patient’s admission to the ICU and thereafter. Surgery to repair boney injury, decompress nerves and tissue, or insert long-term stabilization devices may be necessary. Some patients will need external stabilization devices that they wear for any amount of time up to one year. SCI patients are usually bedridden or severely limited in their activities, therefore the nurse must always be aware of the risk for skin breakdown, pneumonia, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary emboli (PE) (Nayduch, 2010). Nursing interventions for these patients include frequent turning and change of position, instituting cough/deep breathing exercises, applying compression stockings, and monitoring any infusion of anticoagulants. Again, patient education is key in these patients.

Yellow Journalism free essay sample

A discussion of yellow journalism and its influence on the world. Yellow journalism, a term used for the use of negligent and flamboyant newspaper reporting without regard to facts, is examined in this paper. Its history and development, its purpose in the media and its impact on history are discussed. Yellow Journalism is a term used for the use of negligent and flamboyant newspaper reporting, without regard to facts. With yellow journalism the truth is usually misrepresented or concealed, more often than not, there may be no truth to the story at all. In its infancy, the term yellow journalism was used to describe the writing tactics used by William Hearsts New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzers New York World. These men used yellow journalism to exaggerate and misguide the American public on happenings in Cuba; such reporting may have even sparked the Spanish-American war. Yellow journalism is by no means a memory in Americas distant past; even the most conservative newspapers still practice it in a refined form today. We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Journalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tabloids such as the Star and the Inquirer are notorious for sensationalizing and even falsifying headlines. Additionally, every once in a while straight edged newspapers papers such as the Wall Street Journal may get into the act as well. In 1996, ABC News was singled out for reporting that Israels Benjamin Netanyahu had called then Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin a traitor, further investigation revealed that the accusation was false.

Battle of Quebec in the American Revolution

Battle of Quebec in the American Revolution The Battle of Quebec was fought on the night of December 30/31, 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Beginning in September 1775, the invasion of Canada was the first major offensive operation conducted by American forces during the war. Initially led by Major General Philip Schuyler, the invading force  departed Fort Ticonderoga and commenced an advance down (northward) the Richelieu River toward Fort St. Jean. Initial attempts to reach the fort proved abortive and an increasingly ill Schuyler was compelled to turn over command to Brigadier General Richard Montgomery. A distinguished veteran of the French and Indian War, Montgomery resumed the advance on September 16 with 1,700 militia. Arriving at Fort St. Jean three days later, he laid siege and forced the garrison to surrender on November 3. Though a victory, the length of the siege badly delayed the American invasion effort and saw many suffer from sickness. Pressing on, the Americans occupied Montreal without a fight on November 28. Armies Commanders: Americans Brigadier General Richard MontgomeryColonel Benedict ArnoldColonel James Livingston900 men British Governor Sir Guy Carleton1,800 men Arnolds Expedition To the east, a second American expedition fought its way north through the Maine wilderness. Organized by Colonel Benedict Arnold, this force of 1,100 men had been picked from the ranks of General George Washingtons Continental Army outside Boston. Proceeding from Massachusetts to the mouth of the Kennebec River, Arnold had expected the trek north through Maine to take around twenty days. This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61. Moving north, the expedition soon suffered due to the poor construction of their boats and the faulty nature of Montresors maps. Lacking adequate supplies, starvation set in and the men were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax. Of the original force, only 600 eventually reached the St. Lawrence. Nearing Quebec, it quickly became clear that Arnold lacked the men needed to take the city and that the British were aware of their approach. British Preparations Withdrawing to Pointe aux Trembles, Arnold was forced to wait for reinforcements and artillery. On December 2, Montgomery descended the river with around 700 men and united with Arnold.   Along with reinforcements, Montgomery brought four cannon, six mortars, additional ammunition, and winter clothing for Arnolds men. Returning to the vicinity of Quebec, the combined American force laid siege to the city on December 6. At this time, Montgomery issued the first of several surrender demands to the Governor-General of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton.   These were dismissed out of hand by Carleton who instead looked to improve the citys defenses. Outside of the city, Montgomery endeavored to construct batteries, the largest of which was completed on December 10. Due to the frozen ground, it was constructed from blocks of snow. Though a bombardment commenced, it did little damage. As days passed, Montgomery and Arnolds situation became increasingly desperate as they lacked the heavy artillery to conduct a traditional siege, their mens enlistments would soon be expiring, and British reinforcements likely would arrive in the spring. Seeing little alternative, the two began planning an attack on the city. They hoped that if they advanced during a snowstorm, they would be able to scale Quebecs walls undetected. Within its walls, Carleton possessed a garrison of 1,800 regulars and militia. Aware of American activities in the area, Carleton made efforts to enhance the citys formidable defenses by erecting a series of barricades. The Americans Advance To assault the city, Montgomery and Arnold planned on advancing from two directions. Montgomery was to attack from the west, moving along the St. Lawrence waterfront, while Arnold was to advance from the north, marching along the St. Charles River. The two were to reunite at point where the rivers joined and then turn to attack the city wall. To divert the British, two militia units would make feints against Quebecs western walls. Moving out on December 30, the assault began after midnight on the 31st during a snowstorm. Advancing past the Cape Diamond Bastion, Montgomerys force pressed into the Lower Town where they encountered the first barricade. Forming to attack the barricades 30 defenders, the Americans were stunned when the first British volley killed Montgomery. A British Victory In addition to killing Montgomery, the volley struck down his two chief subordinates. With their general down, the American attack faltered and the remaining officers ordered a withdrawal. Unaware of Montgomerys death and the attacks failure, Arnolds column pressed on from the north. Reaching the Sault au Matelot, Arnold was hit and wounded in the left ankle. Unable to walk, he was carried to the rear and command was transferred to Captain Daniel Morgan. Successfully taking the first barricade they encountered, Morgans men moved into the city proper. Continuing the advance, Morgans men suffered from damp gunpowder and had difficulty navigating the narrow streets. As a result, they paused to dry their powder. With Montgomerys column repulsed and Carletons realization that the attacks from the west were a diversion, Morgan became the focus of the defenders activities. British troops counterattacked in the rear and retook the barricade before moving through the streets to surround Morgans men. With no options remaining, Morgan and his men were forced to surrender. Aftermath The Battle of Quebec cost the Americans 60 dead and wounded as well as 426 captured. For the British, casualties were a light 6 killed and 19 wounded. Though the assault failed, American troops remained in the field around Quebec. Rallying the men, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to desert following the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was forced to fall back following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being defeated at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, American forces were forced to retreat back into New York, ending the invasion of Canada.

Why does the trade union movement, overall, in Australia, support the Essay

Why does the trade union movement, overall, in Australia, support the Labor Party - Essay Example Explaining the reasons behind the dwindling trade union membership, the paper scrutinises changes in the labour market composition, differences in the unionisation rate of certain groups of workers, along with the effects of conservative legislation, anti-union employer activity, relationships with federal government, etc. Finally, the paper details the trade union responses to membership decline, accessing whether those responses have been a success story. Introduction Ellem and Franks (2008), and Griffin (2002) write that trade unionism in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) has not unexpectedly been shaped by their members’ prior trade union experience in Britain, given the numerous British migrants who had brought with them the values of their mother country; with the first formal unions having emerged amongst the most skilled employees, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers established as overseas branches of the ‘parent’ union in Great Britain (Sh eridan, 1975, as cited in Griffin, 2002). It’s also noteworthy that the first unions had been town-based; having experienced rapid growth during the roaring twenties and the post-war decade, as well as being on the wane during the Great Depression and the ‘swinging’ sixties, the trade unions flourished in Australia over most of the twentieth century – with at least two out of every five workers being members of a union. The then trade unions’ status and power are considered to have been derived from the centralised conciliation and arbitration system first introduced in 1904 with the Conciliation and Arbitration Act (Svensen, Small, Griffin, n.d.). Due to the significant benefits promised, and consequently delivered by the new industrial relations system, like employer’s recognition, legally enforceable minimum wages, working conditions, etc., the Australian trade unions enjoyed remarkable ease in achieving their goals, following a descending hierarchy of arbitral, political, and industrial strategies, in contrast to other countries. Thus, in many cases, Australian unions are considered to have won their battles on bureaucratic battleground, rather than on the industrial one, to a degree that made some commentators to argue whether the title ‘union’ is being used correctly with regard to them (Howard, 1977, as cited in Svensen, Small, Griffin, n.d.). It should be mentioned that the then Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, nowadays the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC), has adopted the traditional horizontal occupational structure of trade unionism as the basis for its own segmentation (Griffin, 2002). Starting with about 200 unions in 1901 with over 97Â  000 members which represented 6.1 per cent of the working force, the number of unions significantly jumped, following the 1904 legislation – 573 in 1911, with more than 360Â  000 members representing about 28 per cen t of the total number of employees. The post-World War One rationalisation had reduced that number to less than 400, followed by a slow decrease within the next decades – to finally drop below 300 until 1989. Overall, trade unionism in Australia until 1990 is characterised by three main features as follows: a skewed distribution of membership, multi-unionism at both industry and enterprise levels, and well-developed inter-union structures at national and state’s level but not at the enterprise one (Griffin, 2002). In other words, in 1990, 57 per cent of all unions (170 out